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L'innovazione nel sistema elettrico: lo sviluppo delle fonti alternative e della generazione decentrata e distribuita

Pubblicazione


Autore: G.L. Marenco

Collana: FM - 2004 Sorrento - Third International Symposium - Energy and Environment

Note:
Le attività dell’ENEA sono state condizionate dal rapporto fra PA, sistema delle imprese e soggetti sociali caratterizzato da forti tensioni collegate alle problematiche ambientali. Limiti e difficoltà per l’ammodernamento del sistema elettrico e per la significativa penetrazione delle fonti alternative non sono riconducibili esclusivamente a problematiche tecnologiche. Per garantire risultati occorre basare i progetti in campo energetico sulle sinergie, ad oggi solo potenziali, fra liberalizzazione e specifiche politiche di sviluppo. Diventano obbligatori un approccio articolato e la ottimizzazione accurata del rapporto fra tecnologie, politiche di sviluppo e pianificazione territoriale. Occorre a tal fine assicurare una capacità di governo del sistema ed una forte diversificazione della generazione elettrica per armonizzare gli obiettivi generali di sistema con le specificità dei comparti produttivi e dei contesti territoriali. E’ essenziale promuovere significativamente sia l’autoproduzione che la microgenerazione, garantendo la corretta complementarietà con i grandi impianti di generazione e innovando in modo sostanziale la rete. Oltre ad esigenze di adeguamento a livello istituzionale del sistema regolatorio, si rende necessario lo sviluppo di competenze di analisi di sistema e di progettazione orientata al territorio per supportare le procedure autorizzative, gli interventi pubblici di sostegno ed il project financing. Lo sviluppo di un sistema energetico moderno e liberalizzato necessita l’ottimizzazione delle opzioni tecnologiche in funzione della pianificazione territoriale che comporta competenze avanzate di valutazione ambientale strategica e di analisi del territorio.


Innovation in the electrical system: development of renewable energy sources and decentralized generation.-ENEA’s decades of experience in research and development and in consulting and support for government agencies have been conditioned by the complexity of the relationship of institutions and agencies with the system of businesses and social parties. It has been a difficult relationship, often characterized by conflicts, in particular with regard to problems of energy vs. environment. ENEA’s monitors are beginning to see clearly that limits and difficulties in modernizing the electrical system and in making significant progress with alternative sources can not be attributed solely to technological problems. Even strong opposition to the siting of new plants cannot be the sole reason behind the substantial weakness in investments for upgrading the electrical system and diversifying sources. In order to ensure significant results, it is necessary to base plans for technological innovation and containment of the environmental impact on synergies – to date still only potential – between liberalization and specific development policies. Exploitation of innovative technologies can and must be the basic tool for rationalizing and upgrading the system, consistently with the objectives of European energy policy, characterized by its priorities of safety and environment. But the hydrogen industry, gasification techniques and advanced combustion systems, cogeneration, solar energy, etc., constitute basically “niche” options, and today it is impossible to formulate correct investment policies that are valid for the entire system. It is becoming essential that we aim at a multiplicity of approaches and at careful optimization of the relationship between technologies, industry policies and regional planning. To this end, it is necessary to ensure the capacity to govern the system and a strong regional orientation for the power-generating structure, in order to harmonize overall system objectives with the specific needs of the productive sectors and regional contexts. While stressing both self-production and micro-generation, it is essential to ensure proper integration with the major generating facilities and to renovate the grid substantially.
In addition to the need for an institutional upgrade of the regulatory system and of the mandates of public operators, major investment is required to develop and structure system analysis skills and design criteria at the regional level. Such an investment should be aimed at upgrading the traditional authorizing and Environmental Impact Assessment procedures, and at providing new tools for project financing. Optimizing and exploiting innovations requires a blending of technological development programmes and regional planning that can be solidly based on the advanced analysis skills of the new technologies and strategic environmental assessment.




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